transport.doc (35.5 كيلوبايت, 284 مشاهدات)
ان شاء الله تعم الفائدة
ان شـآآء الله الكل يستفيد
شكرـآآ
بغيت منكم مساعدة أبغي تقرير عن transport يكون فيه مقدمة وموضوع وخاتمة
معاكم
تقرير عن النخلة للصف التاني أبتدائي بسرعة ok
بليز تقرير عن transport
عفنالله محد يرد علينا شو هذا
أنزين حطيه علشان نستفيد منه لو سمحتي
Development history
The game was originally written in 1969 by Ken Thompson for a Multics system, then ported by him to Fortran on a GECOS system, and eventually ported by Thompson and Dennis Ritchie to a PDP-7. It was in the process of porting the game to the PDP-7’s assembly language that Thompson and Ritchie wrote underlying code that eventually grew into the original UNICS/Unix operating system. Some consider Space Travel the first Unix application program.
A human spaceflight is a spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites. Human spaceflight is sometimes called manned spaceflight, a term now deprecated by major space agencies in favor of its gender-neutral alternative.
As of 2022, only the Space Shuttle program and the Soyuz programme are actively launching human spaceflights. The Shenzhou program last launched a human spaceflight in 2022.
Introduction
While the observation of objects in space—known as astronomy—pre-dates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large liquid-fueled rocket engines during the early 20th century that allowed space exploration to become a practical possibility. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military/strategic advantages against other countries.
Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR’s Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones under Sergey Korolyov and Kerim Kerimov, including the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.
After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station. From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism. Larger government programs have advocated manned missions to the Moon and possibly Mars sometime after 2022.
Various criticisms of Space Exploration are sometimes made, on cost or safety grounds, but the people of many countries are nevertheless usually supportive of programs.
History
See also: Timeline of space exploration
[First orbital flights
Laika, in 1957, became the first living being to be launched into space.The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik (Satellite I) mission on October 4, 1957. The satellite weighed about 83 kg (184 pounds), and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km (150 miles). It had two radio transmitters (20 and 40 MHz), which emitted "beeps" that could be heard by any radio around the globe. Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps. The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid. Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It incinerated upon re-entry on January 3, 1958.
This success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch Vanguard 1 into orbit two months later. On January 31, 1958, the U.S. successfully orbited Explorer I on a Juno rocket. In the meantime, the Soviet dog Laika became the first animal in orbit on November 3, 1957.
[First human flights
Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 (East 1), carrying 27 year old cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes. Gagarin’s flight resonated around the world; it was a demonstration of the more advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration — human spaceflight.
The U.S. first launched a person into space within a month of Gagarin’s flight with the first Mercury flight, by Alan Shepard. Orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenn’s Mercury-Atlas 6 orbited the Earth on February 20, 1962.
Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, orbited the Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.
China first launched a person into space 42 years after the launch of Vostok 1, on October 15, 2022, with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 (Spaceboat 5) spacecraft.
atmosphere was driven by rocket technology. The German V2 was the first rocket to travel into space, overcoming the problems of thrust and material failure. During the final days of World War II this technology was obtained by both the Americans and Soviets as were its designers. The initial driving force for further development of the technology was a weapons race for inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to be used as long-range carriers for fast nuclear weapon delivery, but in 1961 when USSR launched the first man into space, the U.S. declared itself to be in a "Space Race" with Russia.
Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program.Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth and Reinhold Tilling laid the groundwork of rocketry in the early years of the 20th century.
Wernher von Braun was the lead rocket engineer for Nazi Germany’s World War II V-2 rocket project. In the last days of the war he led a caravan of workers in the German rocket program to the American lines, where they surrendered and were brought to the USA to work on U.S. rocket development. He acquired American citizenship and led the team that developed and launched Explorer I, the first American satellite. Von Braun later led the team at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center which developed the Saturn V moon rocket.
Initially the race for space was often led by Sergey Korolyov, whose legacy includes both the R7 and Soyuz—which remain in service to this day. Korolev was the mastermind behind the first satellite, first man (and first woman) in orbit and first spacewalk. Until his death his identity was a closely guarded state secret; not even his mother knew that he was responsible for creating the Russian space program.
Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program and was one of the lead architects behind the first human spaceflight (Vostok 1) alongside Sergey Korolyov. After Korolyov’s death in 1966, Kerimov became the lead scientist of the Soviet space program and was responsible for the launch of the first space stations from from 1971 to 1991, including the Salyut and Mir series, and their precursors in 1967, the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188.[2][3]
Other key people included:
Valentin Glushko held role of Chief Engine Designer for USSR. Glushko designed many of the engines used on the early Soviet rockets, but was constantly at odds with Korolev.
Vasily Mishin, Chief Designer working under Sergei Korolev and one of first Soviets to inspect the captured German V2 design. Following the death of Sergei Korolev, Mishin was held responsible for the Soviet failure to be first country to place a man on the moon.
Bob Gilruth, was the NASA head of the Space Task Force and director of 25 manned space flights. Gilruth was the person who suggested to John F. Kennedy that the Americans take the bold step of reaching the Moon in an attempt to reclaim space superiority from the Soviets.
Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., was NASA’s first flight director and oversaw development of Mission Control and associated technologies and procedures.
Notes and references
^ http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lib215/r…acetravel.html
^ http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_unix_dev.htm
^ http://www.bellevuelinux.org/thompson.html
^ http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/spacetravel.html
صبحكم / مساكم ربي بالخير ..
تقرير عن تاريخ وسائل النقل لطلاب و طالبات الصف العاشر ..!
اتمنى انكم تستيفيدون منه ..
: :
Introduction :
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries. History of transport The history of transport evolved with the development of human culture. Long distance walking tracks developed as trade routes in paleolithic times. For most of human history the only forms of transport apart from walking were or transport in small boats. Road transport The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often followed game trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high traffic density. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an element in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, the travois, a frame used to drag loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in Sumer in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to Europe and India in the 4th millennium BC and China in about 1200 BC. The Romans had a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire and developed Roman roads . In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) designed the first modern highways, using inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate (macadam), and he embanked roads a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for hard-topped roads to reduce washways, bogging and dust on both urban and rural roads, originally using cobblestones and wooden paving in major western cities and in the early 20th century tar-bound macadam (tarmac) and concrete paving were extended into the countryside .
The modern history of road transport also involves the development of new vehicles such as new models of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor trucks and electric vehicles.
Maritime transport
In the Stone Age primitive boats developed to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossing was necessary for people to reach Australia an estimated 40,000-45,000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, first steam ships and later diesel- powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes. Meanwhile specialised craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world.[1] The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794 kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since circa 486 BC. Canals were developed in the Middle Ages in Europe in Venice and the Netherlands. Pierre-Paul Riquet began to organise the construction of the 240 km-long Canal du Midi in France in 1665 and it was opened in 1681. In the Industrial Revolution, inland canals were built in England and later the United States before the development of railways. Specialised craft were also developed for fishing and later whaling. after that everyone walked Maritime history also deals with the development of navigation, oceanography, cartography and hydrography.
Rail transport
The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone). This was usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s, and was followed by systems (plateways) where the flange was part of the rail. However, with the introduction of rolled wrought iron rails, these became obsolete.
Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.
The history of rail transport also includes the history of rapid transit and arguably monorail history.
Aviation
Humanity’s desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary story of Daedalus and Icarus. Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d’Arlandes went 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.
The Wright brothers made the first sustained, controlled and powered heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903.
Conclusion :
Spaceflight
The realistic dream of spaceflight dated back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, and this was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard’s publication in 1919 of his paper ‘A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes’; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible. This paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth and Wernher Von Braun, later key players in spaceflight.
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport
http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/aboutus/opstory.htm
و اسال الله التوفيق للجميع ..!
وان شاء الله في ميزان حسناتج
اسعدتيني الغلا ..
يحفظج ربي ..
بوركت ع المجهوود++
تقرير إنقلش عن الترانسبورت , كامل : مقدمة , موضوع , خاتمة , توصيات و مراجع ..
فيه نفحات من تأليفي P: , يعني ما بتحصلون حد مسوي مثله ف الصف X3 ..
إن شا الله مش ناقص ^^
In a physiological sense transport generally means the movement of substances across the membranes of cells.
But at this report you are going to read about one of the technological advancements and scientific achievement that so greatly influence our lifestyle and impact our lives.
Presentation:
Definition of transport
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road and water. It can be bowered by human, animal put now days it can be powered mechanically. Transport can be owned "Private" or for the verity of people "public".
History of transport:
The first form of transport was, of course, Shank’s pony (the human foot!). However people eventually learned to use animals for transport. Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated between 4,000 and 3,000 BC (obviously the exact date is not known). Camels were domesticated slightly later between 3,000 and 2,000 BC.
Meanwhile about 3,500 BC the wheel was invented in what is now Iraq. At first wheels were made of solid pieces of wood lashed together to form a circle but after 2,000 BC they were made with spokes.
The earliest boats were dug out canoes. People lit a fire on a big log then put it out and dug out the burned wood.
About 3,100 BC the Egyptians invented the sailing boat. They were made of bundles of papyrus reeds tied together. They had simple square sails made of sheets of papyrus or later of linen. However the sail could only be used when sailing in one direction. When traveling against the wind the boat had to be rowed. About 2,700 BC the Egyptians began using wooden ships for trade by sea.
Goods were sometimes transported by pack horse (horses with bags on their sides). Also carriers with covered wagons carried goods and sometimes passengers. However when possible people preferred to transport goods by water. All around England there was a ‘coastal trade’. Goods from one part of the country, such as coal, were taken by sea to other parts.
The thought of flying has been every mankind’s ultimate dream even before airplanes were invented. Before the invention and development, men and women tried to navigate the air by imitating the birds and its wings. They built machines with flapping wings and for some time, the idea worked. However, the flapping wings only worked for a bird-scale than it does at much larger scale to lift man and machine off the ground.
In 1783, few aeronauts discovered the art of uncontrolled flying with air balloons, which harder than expected, it was difficult to navigate and go to one place to the other unless the wind was blowing the desired direction. Until the turn of the 19th century, an English baronet from Yorkshire invented a flying machine with fixed wings, a repulsion system and movable control surface which eventually became the fundamental concept of the airplane. Sir George Cayley built the first true airplane which evolved through time and became the amazing machines that have taken mankind to the edge of space at speed of light.
In 1899, the Wright Brother’s designed their first aircraft, a small biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the aircraft by wing warping; a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircraft’s rolling motion and balance. Over the next three years, Wilbur and Orville Wright would design a series of gliders which would be flown in both unmanned and piloted flights. They went over the earlier works of Cayley, Langley and Otto Lilienthal and soon recognized that the control and navigation would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve, But at the end they made it.
Forms of transport:
Transport is divided into three forms which are:
1) Land Travel 2) water travel 3) Flight travel.
And I’ll discuss each of them at the coming paragraphs.
Land travel:
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.
The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2022 there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.
The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. The Roman Empire was in need for armies to be able to travel quickly; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. John Loudon Macadam designed the first modern highways of inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate known as macadam during the Industrial Revolution. Coating of cobblestones and wooden paving were popular during the 19th century while tarmac and concrete paving became popular during the 20th.
Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.
Water travel:
Ship transport is the process of transport by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. A watercraft is a vehicle designed to float on and move across (or under) water. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.
The first craft were probably types of canoes cut out from tree trunks. The colonization of Australia by Indigenous Australians provides indirect but conclusive evidence for the latest date for the invention of ocean-going craft. Early sea transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two.
In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping; short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.
Air travel:
Air travel is a form of travel using an airplanes, or a rarely a balloon. People choose this from of travel to travel from country to country, continent to continent, some times for medical emergencies; because this form is the fastest mode of traveling,
You can fly at a private jet, or at your country’s airlines.
The influence of transport on our lives:
Transport is a key necessity for specialization, allowing production and consumption of product to occur at different ways. Transport has throughout history been the gate to expansion; better transport allows more trade and spread of people. Economic growth has always been dependent on increased capacity and more rational transport. But the infrastructure and operation of transport incurs large impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue.
Modern society dictates a physical distinction between home and work, forcing people to transport themselves to place of work or study, supplemented by the need to temporarily relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence tourism, a mayor part of recreational transport. Commerce needs transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions, or to transport specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed. And transport is a major use of energy, burning most of the world’s petroleum; creating air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates and being a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, the fastest growing emission sector. Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles and more use of each vehicle. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport and go to transport electrification and energy efficiency.
By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming. (74%) Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on earth’s air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate change.
Conclusion:
As I said earlier my report discussed the possible ideas about transport, which had two sides a good side and a bad side
Effecting on us and on our environment.
I hope that my report helped you realizing and understanding more about transport.
Recommendations:
– I recommend people to reduce using private forms of transport as possible as they can.
– I recommend all the people of my country to try creating a new ways of travel on each form.
– I recommend you to share the school library with a copy of my report.
Resources:
Web:
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport
– http://www.localhistories.org/transport.html
Books:
– Transporting by: Arthur Johns.
إدعوا لي بكل خير -.-"
وتكون فرحان طول عمرك
تم التقييم
تستـآآهل 
Development history
The game was originally written in 1969 by Ken Thompson for a Multics system, then ported by him to Fortran on a GECOS system, and eventually ported by Thompson and Dennis Ritchie to a PDP-7. It was in the process of porting the game to the PDP-7’s assembly language that Thompson and Ritchie wrote underlying code that eventually grew into the original UNICS/Unix operating system. Some consider Space Travel the first Unix application program.
A human spaceflight is a spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites. Human spaceflight is sometimes called manned spaceflight, a term now deprecated by major space agencies in favor of its gender-neutral alternative.
As of 2022, only the Space Shuttle program and the Soyuz programme are actively launching human spaceflights. The Shenzhou program last launched a human spaceflight in 2022.
Introduction
While the observation of objects in space—known as astronomy—pre-dates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large liquid-fueled rocket engines during the early 20th century that allowed space exploration to become a practical possibility. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military/strategic advantages against other countries.
Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR’s Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones under Sergey Korolyov and Kerim Kerimov, including the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.
After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station. From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism. Larger government programs have advocated manned missions to the Moon and possibly Mars sometime after 2022.
Various criticisms of Space Exploration are sometimes made, on cost or safety grounds, but the people of many countries are nevertheless usually supportive of programs.
History
See also: Timeline of space exploration
[First orbital flights
Laika, in 1957, became the first living being to be launched into space.The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik (Satellite I) mission on October 4, 1957. The satellite weighed about 83 kg (184 pounds), and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km (150 miles). It had two radio transmitters (20 and 40 MHz), which emitted "beeps" that could be heard by any radio around the globe. Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps. The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid. Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It incinerated upon re-entry on January 3, 1958.
This success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch Vanguard 1 into orbit two months later. On January 31, 1958, the U.S. successfully orbited Explorer I on a Juno rocket. In the meantime, the Soviet dog Laika became the first animal in orbit on November 3, 1957.
[First human flights
Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 (East 1), carrying 27 year old cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes. Gagarin’s flight resonated around the world; it was a demonstration of the more advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration — human spaceflight.
The U.S. first launched a person into space within a month of Gagarin’s flight with the first Mercury flight, by Alan Shepard. Orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenn’s Mercury-Atlas 6 orbited the Earth on February 20, 1962.
Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, orbited the Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.
China first launched a person into space 42 years after the launch of Vostok 1, on October 15, 2022, with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 (Spaceboat 5) spacecraft.
atmosphere was driven by rocket technology. The German V2 was the first rocket to travel into space, overcoming the problems of thrust and material failure. During the final days of World War II this technology was obtained by both the Americans and Soviets as were its designers. The initial driving force for further development of the technology was a weapons race for inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to be used as long-range carriers for fast nuclear weapon delivery, but in 1961 when USSR launched the first man into space, the U.S. declared itself to be in a "Space Race" with Russia.
Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program.Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth and Reinhold Tilling laid the groundwork of rocketry in the early years of the 20th century.
Wernher von Braun was the lead rocket engineer for Nazi Germany’s World War II V-2 rocket project. In the last days of the war he led a caravan of workers in the German rocket program to the American lines, where they surrendered and were brought to the USA to work on U.S. rocket development. He acquired American citizenship and led the team that developed and launched Explorer I, the first American satellite. Von Braun later led the team at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center which developed the Saturn V moon rocket.
Initially the race for space was often led by Sergey Korolyov, whose legacy includes both the R7 and Soyuz—which remain in service to this day. Korolev was the mastermind behind the first satellite, first man (and first woman) in orbit and first spacewalk. Until his death his identity was a closely guarded state secret; not even his mother knew that he was responsible for creating the Russian space program.
Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program and was one of the lead architects behind the first human spaceflight (Vostok 1) alongside Sergey Korolyov. After Korolyov’s death in 1966, Kerimov became the lead scientist of the Soviet space program and was responsible for the launch of the first space stations from from 1971 to 1991, including the Salyut and Mir series, and their precursors in 1967, the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188.[2][3]
Other key people included:
Valentin Glushko held role of Chief Engine Designer for USSR. Glushko designed many of the engines used on the early Soviet rockets, but was constantly at odds with Korolev.
Vasily Mishin, Chief Designer working under Sergei Korolev and one of first Soviets to inspect the captured German V2 design. Following the death of Sergei Korolev, Mishin was held responsible for the Soviet failure to be first country to place a man on the moon.
Bob Gilruth, was the NASA head of the Space Task Force and director of 25 manned space flights. Gilruth was the person who suggested to John F. Kennedy that the Americans take the bold step of reaching the Moon in an attempt to reclaim space superiority from the Soviets.
Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., was NASA’s first flight director and oversaw development of Mission Control and associated technologies and procedures.
تسلمين
Maritime transport :
In the Stone Age primitive boats developed to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossing was necessary for people to reach Australia an estimated 40,000-45,000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, first steam ships and later diesel- powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes. Meanwhile specialised craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world.[1] The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794 kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since circa 486 BC. Canals were developed in the Middle Ages in Europe in Venice and the Netherlands. Pierre-Paul Riquet began to organise the construction of the 240 km-long Canal du Midi in France in 1665 and it was opened in 1681. In the Industrial Revolution, inland canals were built in England and later the United States before the development of railways. Specialised craft were also developed for fishing and later whaling. after that everyone walked Maritime history also deals with the development of navigation, oceanography, cartography and hydrography.
Rail transport :
The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone). This was usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s, and was followed by systems (plateways) where the flange was part of the rail. However, with the introduction of rolled wrought iron rails, these became obsolete.
Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.
The history of rail transport also includes the history of rapid transit and arguably monorail history.
Aviation :
Humanity’s desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary story of Daedalus and Icarus. Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d’Arlandes went 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.
The Wright brothers made the first sustained, controlled and powered heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903.
Conclusion :
Spaceflight
The realistic dream of spaceflight dated back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, and this was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard’s publication in 1919 of his paper ‘A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes’; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible. This paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth and Wernher Von Braun, later key players in spaceflight.
Resources :
ربي يحفظج
ودي تقرير بالانجليزي عن وسائل النقل القديم والحديث
+ مقدمة وعرض وخاتمة مع المصدر ( مش مهم اذا ما في مصدر)
التسليم خلال هذا الاسبوع وان شاء الله ما تردوني
أبا اجابة السؤال بليز
بليز بغيته اليوم مع المصدر لا اتردوني ok
ليييييييييييييش ماتردون بليز
أن شاء الله يعيبك باي Development history
The game was originally written in 1969 by Ken Thompson for a Multics system, then ported by him to Fortran on a GECOS system, and eventually ported by Thompson and Dennis Ritchie to a PDP-7. It was in the process of porting the game to the PDP-7’s assembly language that Thompson and Ritchie wrote underlying code that eventually grew into the original UNICS/Unix operating system. Some consider Space Travel the first Unix application program.
A human spaceflight is a spaceflight with a human crew, and possibly passengers. This makes it unlike robotic space probes or remotely-controlled satellites. Human spaceflight is sometimes called manned spaceflight, a term now deprecated by major space agencies in favor of its gender-neutral alternative.
As of 2022, only the Space Shuttle program and the Soyuz programme are actively launching human spaceflights. The Shenzhou program last launched a human spaceflight in 2022.
Introduction
While the observation of objects in space—known as astronomy—pre-dates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large liquid-fueled rocket engines during the early 20th century that allowed space exploration to become a practical possibility. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity and developing military/strategic advantages against other countries.
Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States; the launch of the first man-made object to orbit the Earth, the USSR’s Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 craft on July 20, 1969 are often taken as the boundaries for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones under Sergey Korolyov and Kerim Kerimov, including the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) in 1965, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971.
After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station. From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism. Larger government programs have advocated manned missions to the Moon and possibly Mars sometime after 2022.
Various criticisms of Space Exploration are sometimes made, on cost or safety grounds, but the people of many countries are nevertheless usually supportive of programs.
History
See also: Timeline of space exploration
[First orbital flights
Laika, in 1957, became the first living being to be launched into space.The first successful orbital launch was of the Soviet unmanned Sputnik (Satellite I) mission on October 4, 1957. The satellite weighed about 83 kg (184 pounds), and is believed to have orbited Earth at a height of about 250 km (150 miles). It had two radio transmitters (20 and 40 MHz), which emitted "beeps" that could be heard by any radio around the globe. Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere, while temperature and pressure data was encoded in the duration of radio beeps. The results indicated that the satellite was not punctured by a meteoroid. Sputnik 1 was launched by an R-7 rocket. It incinerated upon re-entry on January 3, 1958.
This success led to an escalation of the American space program, which unsuccessfully attempted to launch Vanguard 1 into orbit two months later. On January 31, 1958, the U.S. successfully orbited Explorer I on a Juno rocket. In the meantime, the Soviet dog Laika became the first animal in orbit on November 3, 1957.
[First human flights
Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space.The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 (East 1), carrying 27 year old cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The spacecraft completed one orbit around the globe, lasting about 1 hour and 48 minutes. Gagarin’s flight resonated around the world; it was a demonstration of the more advanced Soviet space program and it opened an entirely new era in space exploration — human spaceflight.
The U.S. first launched a person into space within a month of Gagarin’s flight with the first Mercury flight, by Alan Shepard. Orbital flight was achieved by the United States when John Glenn’s Mercury-Atlas 6 orbited the Earth on February 20, 1962.
Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space, orbited the Earth 48 times aboard Vostok 6 on June 16, 1963.
China first launched a person into space 42 years after the launch of Vostok 1, on October 15, 2022, with the flight of Yang Liwei aboard the Shenzhou 5 (Spaceboat 5) spacecraft.
atmosphere was driven by rocket technology. The German V2 was the first rocket to travel into space, overcoming the problems of thrust and material failure. During the final days of World War II this technology was obtained by both the Americans and Soviets as were its designers. The initial driving force for further development of the technology was a weapons race for inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to be used as long-range carriers for fast nuclear weapon delivery, but in 1961 when USSR launched the first man into space, the U.S. declared itself to be in a "Space Race" with Russia.
Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program.Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, Hermann Oberth and Reinhold Tilling laid the groundwork of rocketry in the early years of the 20th century.
Wernher von Braun was the lead rocket engineer for Nazi Germany’s World War II V-2 rocket project. In the last days of the war he led a caravan of workers in the German rocket program to the American lines, where they surrendered and were brought to the USA to work on U.S. rocket development. He acquired American citizenship and led the team that developed and launched Explorer I, the first American satellite. Von Braun later led the team at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center which developed the Saturn V moon rocket.
Initially the race for space was often led by Sergey Korolyov, whose legacy includes both the R7 and Soyuz—which remain in service to this day. Korolev was the mastermind behind the first satellite, first man (and first woman) in orbit and first spacewalk. Until his death his identity was a closely guarded state secret; not even his mother knew that he was responsible for creating the Russian space program.
Kerim Kerimov was one of the founders of the Soviet space program and was one of the lead architects behind the first human spaceflight (Vostok 1) alongside Sergey Korolyov. After Korolyov’s death in 1966, Kerimov became the lead scientist of the Soviet space program and was responsible for the launch of the first space stations from from 1971 to 1991, including the Salyut and Mir series, and their precursors in 1967, the Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188.[2][3]
Other key people included:
Valentin Glushko held role of Chief Engine Designer for USSR. Glushko designed many of the engines used on the early Soviet rockets, but was constantly at odds with Korolev.
Vasily Mishin, Chief Designer working under Sergei Korolev and one of first Soviets to inspect the captured German V2 design. Following the death of Sergei Korolev, Mishin was held responsible for the Soviet failure to be first country to place a man on the moon.
Bob Gilruth, was the NASA head of the Space Task Force and director of 25 manned space flights. Gilruth was the person who suggested to John F. Kennedy that the Americans take the bold step of reaching the Moon in an attempt to reclaim space superiority from the Soviets.
Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., was NASA’s first flight director and oversaw development of Mission Control and associated technologies and procedures.
Notes and references
^ http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~lib215/r…acetravel.html
^ http://www.livinginternet.com/i/iw_unix_dev.htm
^ http://www.bellevuelinux.org/thompson.html
^ http://www.cs.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/spacetravel.html
ولكن هذا مب المطلوب التقرير عن الرحلة الى الفضاء
وتقريري عن الفرق بين وسائل النقل القديم والحديث
^9^ ^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^^9^ لوسمحتو اريد باراجراف عن ترانس بورتاشن في الامارات والمواصلا المفضلة لي ارجوكو ضروري
Before I start my report, I would like to describe the world transport in order to have brief information about it. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin Trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). I am going to talk a bout transport in the UAE in past and present. I will discus about the transport in future also. As we know the transport in the past was depend on the ship of desert. You may ask your self, what is the ship of the desert? Read the report in order to know more about transport in the UAE
Transport in past:
Camel:
The desert inhabitants of the UAE have used camels for over 4,000 years. Camel bones found at an archaeological site at Umm al-Nar, near Abu Dhabi, and dated to around 2,500 – 2,200 BC, may represent the earliest evidence anywhere in the world for domestication of the camel. The UAE’s climate became more arid around this time, and the camel has provided a means of transport across the desert ever since. Able to survive for several days without water and to derive sustenance from sparse desert vegetation, and also capable of feats of great endurance, the camel rightly became known as the ‘ship of the desert’ permitting the UAE’s Bedu nomads to move from place to place in search of food and water. Without the camel, the hard, nomadic life of the Bedu would not have been possible. Camel was the most type transportation used
Other types of transportation:
Also, they used donkey as a way of transportation and carrying their goods. The men who traveled from place to place let his wife to ride the camel or donkey. It took a long time to travel from one place to other. For example, they need 3 to 7 days to go from Al Ain to Abu Dhabi. Moreover, their where no cover to protect them from the sun heat even if there were some persons built a box to protect their families. As you can see, it was too hard to move from place to other. Rich people were using a horse for traveling. But we know that horse could not sustain desert heat. Also it could not walk on the sandy place like the camel. So, as I mentioned, camel was the best way for transport from place to other.
Boat:
In the past, some people were working in commerce. They were traveling to Hind to get some goods. How can they go their? They used to build their own boat and use it for traveling over the see. But these boats did not have a machine which makes it fast. it took many months in order to go and come back. Also they used those boats for traveling through the sea to get a fish and pearls. But as I mentioned, it took a long time. Moreover, these boats do not have a safety. So if they faced a strong wind, the boat may crash and many people may die. There were a lot of difficulties they face. For example, they did not have a compass, so they may lost their way. They were depending in the starts to apartness their way. So if the weather was cloudy on some days, they should wait until the sky became cloudless to see the stars. It was really very difficult, because they left their families for a long time. It might take months or years to come back.
So, could you imagine how difficult was for transporting from place to other?? Especially transporting on summer, or even transporting in winter. As we know, UAE is a desert. So, the weather is changed too much from the morning to night. At 12 o’clock for example the temperature may reach 45 degree, and it goes down to half of this degree at night. So it may cause a lot of disease such headache. Could you use a camel or other past transport for travel from place to other? I know it is impossible. Would you like to know about the present transport? Continue reading. You will get much information about UAE transport.
Objective:
I was thinking how our grandfathers were transport from place to other. It was too hard. Now a day there are many types of transport. Each one of them makes you comfort more than other. I will talk about many types in my report.
Now a day it is too different from the past. Every one can see that. When His Highness Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan becomes a president of UAE he tried to achieve his vision. He would like his people to live comfort. So, he was searching for every thing to achieve his vision. The first thing was thinking about a way to communicate with others in simple way. UAE is rich with oil, so he ordered a car from foreign countries to use it in transportation. Then, people try to use this type of transport mechanism. So, car was the first type of modern transport. After that, a lot of transports ways have been found. We will describe each one of them in detail.
Transport in present:
Cars:
Let’s start with car. Car is the most available one. Each emirates person has his own car. He can transfer from place to place in safety way. Also, it is provided with comfortable mechanisms such as a cover to protect him from the heat. Also it is provided with an air condition to give him a cold air in this heat weather. Also, it takes a few times to transport from place to other. There are a lot of cars companies in UAE such as Mercedes, Toyota, Nissan and there are more. Each person can buy one for him self. You should have a license in order to have your own car. Now a day, you can find many women also drive a car. UAE allow every **** who is over 18 years old to get a license. But he should get it after he makes a train. I like the car because you can feel freely to do what ever you want. I forget to mention that UAE build a flat way to make the driver more comfortable and for the safety. Also, every where you can find a light on the street to make the road more visible and avoid the car accident.
Buses:
The second transport type is the bus. A bus is a large road vehicle designed to carry numerous passengers. If you do not have your own car you can use a bus to travel. It is cheap and available on a large scale. The bus is supplied with an air condition and a place to put your bags. The benefit of bus that you can meets many people from different countries. Also, it increases the country economy. Buses are provided by the country not buy the person. That why it increases the economy.
Taxi:
The other transport type available in the UAE is Taxi. The taxi is a very reasonable and easily available mode of transport. If you like to be individual not with other people, so the best way is to take a taxi. It is cheap also, but not cheaper than the bus. It takes only half DH for one kilometer. Taxi can be owned by a person who get a driver and this driver give him money each months. They can be flagged down on the street, pre-booked by telephone or picked up outside your hotel. Taxi drivers are usually familiar with the main souqs, shopping centres, hotels and major landmarks. Also, you can find the taxi near to your house. Because they drive around until they find some persons need a taxi.
Motorcycles:
Motorcycles are very rarely used, as it is very dangerous to ride a motorcycle here in the UAE. Motorcycles are mainly used by carrier services, as motorcycles have no problems getting through traffic jams to insure fast delivery. Individuals who can’t afford a car also use motorcycles, as motorcycles can cost as low as Dhs. 3,000.
All what I was talking about were about transferring at the ground.
But, if we want to travel from UAE to other countries, what should we do if there is a break of water between us?
Ships:
Do not worry; there are a lot of ships to take you from your place to other countries. Ships are huge enough to carry more than what you imagine. Also, it is not too expensive. In UAE there are around 11 ports. You can choose one of them to transport. There are different type’s ships. There are some for carrying goods and other for carrying passengers. Also there are types for carrying oil bottles. There are many types of ships and watercraft such as Bulk carriers, Container ships, Tankers and there are more. But I will explain which I had mentioned.
Bulk carriers are cargo ships used to transport bulk cargo items such as ore or food staples (rice, grain, etc.) and similar cargo. It can be recognized by the large box-like hatches on its deck, designed to slide outboard for loading. A bulk carrier could be either dry or wet. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk ships.
Container ships are cargo ships that carry their entire load in truck-size containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial intermodal freight transport. Informally known as "box boats," they carry the majority of the world’s dry cargo. Most container ships are propelled by diesel engines, and have crews of between 20 and 40 people. They generally have a large accommodation block at the stern, directly above the engine room.
Tankers are cargo ships for the transport of fluids, such as crude oil, petroleum products, liquefied petroleum gas, liquefied natural gas and chemicals, also vegetable oils, wine and other food – the tanker sector comprises one third of the world tonnage.
Water Taxi:
One of the nicest things to do in Dubai is to take a motorized water taxi or abra across the Creek. The main abra dock on the Deira side of the Creek is at the intersection of Al Sabkha and Bani Yas Roads. Bur Dubai dock is located at the end of the souq, near the waterfront houses. Abras depart when full, which doesn’t take long. Just hop on and the driver will take the fare of Dh1 as you cross.
You can also hire a private abra for a cruise along the creek. This will cost you approximately Dh35–Dh50 for 30 minutes.
Plane:
Now, let us move to the air. Yes the Air. Do you imagine flying on the air?
You can do it buy get a ticket from an air port which is available every where in UAE. Traveling by plane is the fastest way in traveling. The longest time it takes maybe 14 hours. For example, if you travel from UAE to UK you will spend 7 hours. Could you believe that? In one day you could be in two different countries. This was a dream in the past, but now it is true. In the plane there are many services. Depend on where you set. For example if you travel on the first class you will be treat as a king. The second class is the business class which is not more different than the first class. Also there is the economic class. It is not as the other I had mentioned in the services. But it is also can be used to reach other countries. In UAE there are many companies for air line. In my opinion the best one is Emirates air line. You can see the latest movies which are shown in the cinema on the plane. Moreover, there are more and more. If you want to know about it, do not forget to travel in Emirates air line.
Transport In future:
Metro:
In the near future, their will be a metro in Dubai. In the past it was impossible to have a train in UAE because of the ground. It could not sustain the train. Also the UAE ground is sandy. So, it was a dream to have a train. But now it become true, the train will start in March 2022. Do you know what the magnificent thing about this train is? It will be driverless. I mean it is without driver. Another high point of Dubai metro is that it is being designed in a manner to complement the other modes of transport e.g. buses, taxis and the Abra. This ‘transport integration’ aims to “incorporate strategic bus/boat feeder points with flexible and user-friendly metro interchange stations”.
Conclusion:
You can know now the difference between the past and the present and imagine about the future. UAE is growing too fast. In the last 35 years, UAE started with camel then it transfers to cars, ships and planes. Now they are building a metro which will end in the near future.
ما قصصرت رزان,,
بارك الله فيها ان شاء الله
يبتلكم تقرير عن المواصلات
Transport
دعواتكم
Transports.docx (123.9 كيلوبايت, 138 مشاهدات)
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