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الصف التاسع

Ibn Battuta – the great traveller للصف التاسع

اممممممممممممم
يا ناس شحالكم علومكم و اخباركم …..الخ.

اممممممممم ابغي يعني لو سمحتو يعني لو تبنون تعطوني يعني ابي

اشهر مغامرين العرب او الاجانب حسب او رحالة ابا اسم لا تبخلون علي اذا عطيتوني اعطيكم ههههههههههه تراني بخليه خخخخ

اممممممم و اذا ما عطيتوني عاادي الله يسامحكم طبعا اذا كان عندكم و ما عطيتوني

يلاااااااااا اترياااااااااااا

~غلا الروح~

السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته,,

تفضلي اختي سيرة الرحالة ابن بطوطة,,

Ibn Battuta – the great traveller



"To the world of today the men of medieval Christendom already seem remote and unfamiliar. Their names and deeds are recorded in our history-books, their monuments still adorn our cities, but our kinship with them is a thing unreal, which costs an effort of imagination. How much more must this apply to the great Islamic civilization, that stood over against medieval Europe, menacing its existence and yet linked to it by a hundred ties that even war and fear could not sever. Its monuments too abide, for those who may have the fortunate to visit them, but its men and manners are to most of us utterly unknown, or dimly conceived in the romantic image of the Arabian Nights. Even for the specialist it is difficult to reconstruct their lives and see them as they were. Histories and biographies there are in quantity, but the historians for all their picturesque details, seldom show the ability to select the essential and to give their figures that touch of the intimate which makes them live again for the reader. It is in this faculty that Ibn Battuta excels."
Thus begins the book, "Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia andAfrica 1325-1354" published by Routledge and Kegan Paul (1).

وهذي بعد,,

Ibn Battuta
________________________________________
Customers deemed Mohammed bin Abdullah, an Arab traveler was born in Tangier spent scouring the earth in 82 Herquaogharba Allaah in his travels a distance of no traveler in the Middle Ages (estimated at 120 thousand km) was his first pilgrimage got a view of Tangier (in 231) and went to North Africa and Egypt and Zarblad Levant and pilgrimage,
And then transported in Persia and Arab countries and visited East Africa and visited Asia Minor and the chopping and the lower Volga basin and entered Constantinople, and walked them to the east and Khoazem Bukhari and Turkey, Afghanistan and India, where he spent eight years in the service of Sultan of Delhi, sent by the Embassy of China to know how to the time (Mladif) and some Dzrahind East (Ondonisyawachin), and then returned to Tangier (1347), the later the first two trips to Andalusia (1350), and the other to the western Sudan (in 1352) returned to Persia (1354) sued so his death and I hope the description of his travels known as: (caught between headmasters and oddity Alomtaruajaib Alistar) has translated parts of the trip to many languages

Voyages of Ibn Battuta

Does not mention the name of travel literature, however, is to mind first is the name of Ibn Battuta, Abu Abdullah Ould Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Ibrahim Tnge in the city of Tangier on Monday, the seventeenth of the month of Rajab 703 AH in the twenty-fourth of February the year 1304 AD of the father people, and the Ibn Battuta, who is known by the name, the Ibn Battuta Maftora on the love of flight and the travel and curfew, started his journey in 725 AH and the meaning of Hajj in the second twenty-year-old, says. Hussein Munis: The Ibn Battuta was psychologically and physically prepared for the difficult demand that sought by the subsidy of Allaah be upon him, including Price Omtena wanted him, and his visitation of his trip that he was in everything, even little Alsade or who know him or the colic, which Eshkoh of Ophthalmology, Vesidna Astmtaa read We are updated with all of his wonderful useful, even talking about the disease and Oojall gives us a great interest is the idea of the medicines and methods of medication in the days, and reveals to us the fact that the greater the level of treatment was not low, as we think; people have been too many medical knowledge, and the medicines useful for simplicity, efficient, and this aspect of the great Islamic civilization, and you examples of Voyages of Ibn Battuta.

Out of the Tangier
Sheikh Obuabd God: was I left my home in Tangier, on the second Thursday of the month of Rajab, God Alferdaam five hundred and twenty-dependent pilgrimage to the Ka’ba and to visit the tomb of the Prophet, peace Ovdilasalap, Rafik Anas solo on him, and I should be installed in its entirety; to cause the affected Alinvscdid , and the yearning to these institutions is inherent in Alehiazem Shurayfah, Vdzmt Ahjralohbab to my female and male, and died a national Taiurellokor paradox, was to credit my parents for the life she had assumed Badahmaobba and was also of the separation were installed, and the Sunni Tntan and then twenty years.
Been able to Ibn, Abu Abdallah, told me the city of Granada to Tangier birth on Monday, the seventeenth Mnrajab individual and three hundred years.
We Medinpaldzair, being outside for days and we have submitted to Sheikh Abu Abdullah, the son of Judge Vtugenajmie Menbjp to Beech Mountain, and then come to the city of Bejaia.
The Prince of Bjaypiz that the father of Abdullah bin Syed Muhammad Brow people, who had died of traders from Tunisia Alvensahpthm Milyana Mohammed bin above the stone, leaving the three thousand dinars of gold, and recommended by the man known as the son of the people of Algeria Hdidp to take it to the heirs, ended Brhlapn by the people, the Vantzaaha from his hand, and this is the first thing I saw the injustice Almouhdinoullachm workers.
As we also reported Ilybjayp fever hit me, referring to Abu Abdallah al-Zubeidi residence where Anyeetmkn healing me, and I Vopet: serving God and death would be Faati road, the land of Hijaz Onacasd, he said to me: either to seek Dapetk determined and the weight of luggage and I Oairk Dabpokaba, and accompany us down slightly, we find Sir Arabs fear a raid on the way, I did Hmaooarni the promise of the good God has divided, and that was the first afternoon I Civilities God Vilk Alhijazip destination.
We were pleased to Onouselna Medinpksentinpvenslna outside, and there Osabnamatar were forced to depart from the Alokhbayp to the role of the night there, when Algdtleghana was the governor of the city, one of the honorable Diversions of the Learned, the so-called Abu Hassan, was considered to Thiabiokd contaminated rain Bgzlea ordered at his home, and the ritual which created Fbut Mkanhihrama Baalbugea, Osr Dinarin at one end of the gold, that was first opened in Bhali points.
Onouselna and deported to the city of Pune, and went inside, and then we have the days left of the Visahptna traders for the eclipse on the way, so devoid of the course, and continued by saying, and Osaptnielhmy, I was more myself turban over the saddle to fall because of fear of vulnerability, fear, and I can not Alenzulmn to that reached the city of Tunis, Fberz to meet her father, Sheikh Abdullah Al-Zubaidi, and to meet with Abu Abdullah Alinvzawi, Then some peace and some of the question, did not escape the Aliohd for not knowing them, I found that the self is not the lesson I have with the case, and some Achttbekaii felt Bhali pilgrims, Then on the peace and Alienas, and continues to Iwnsni Bhdithany entered the city, and I got them Ketbeyen school.
Ibn al-been able to: Tell me sheikhs Community Orate judge preachers Abu Mohammed bin Ibrahim Al-Barakaat peaceful, is Abnalhaj Albulviqi: it was like a story, he said: I meant from the city of Blc Alondassad the night of Eid-making serial novel modern term for Abdullah bin Abi Alkmad and Houdrtalmsaly with people, when he finished the prayer and sermon people accept each other in peace, and not on the Onavi recognized one meant to the Sheikh of the town and the people accept and Alibalslam Alienas said: The Mentbma you saw from the people, you do not recognize one, you knew the stranger, I loved Ienask , has divided God’s blessing. Then come to the city of Gabes, and Nznabdakhlha We have ten days to the cycle of the rains.
Then we Mnmedinp Gabès heading for Tripoli, and has accompanied us at some stage to about a hundred Faris, Ooizidon, and the people who threw up Vhapthm Arabs and Thamt place, and God Asmna of them, and Id al-Adha Ozlna in some of those stages, and in the fourth dimension and come to the city of Tripoli, Our mother by a period of , and I was held in Sfax, the daughter of some of Trustees of Tunis, Tripoli Tmkrjt Vbenit by the end of the month of Muharram Tripoli, from twenty-nine hundred and me and my family in Sahptijmaap of Almassamdp, has raised the flag, and made them, and has left behind in Tripoli Manalbrd fear, rain, and we passed Mslath Msrath and inadequate Sirte, and there are Arab communities wanted Aliiqaabna then Srvathm capacity, and prevented it from Ramoh Ovetna.
Tostunaalgabp then, the thought had been to the Palais Prusissa worshiper, the kiss of peace, we realized there Alrkbalven left Tripoli and signed between me and the defectors altercation necessitated a parting built, and married students Bntalbed Fez, and built the Palace Azaaavip and threw dinners feast days locked behind them, and Otamthm.
Access to Alexandria
Then we got in the first Oolgmady to guard the city of Alexandria, God, and the gaps Mahros Almonos and country, respect the inherent strange architecture, what you want to improve the immunization, and the exploits of the world and religion, and came Kremtemganeha sense and a combination of large and fine buildings, are unique Vigele Snaha, and reflected in the Virgin Hllagha, bright beauty of Morocco, the University of Muftrkamahasn mediating between the East and the West, all the beautiful Ajtlawha, and each has a wink Villehaanthawha Votunbwa people described, and classified in Ajaibha Vogrbwa, according to the supervisor of those Strh Abu Obeid routes in the book.
Said doors and port
Medinpalixanderip and four doors, Bab Sidra, and to proceed through Morocco, for Rashid, Pappalbhr, and the green door, and not only be opened on Friday to the Vijrj people visit the graves, and has a great marina matter, have not seen the like in the lower berths, but the anchorage was Kolmoukaliqot India claimed, a marina Bsradeg claimed the Turkish infidels, a marina of olive Bbladachin and will be mentioned.
According to Al-Manar
Al-Manar intended destination in northern England and I saw one of its aspects Mtahedma, described that, at square going into the air, and Babhmrtf on the ground, and at the door as far as building height, the two wood panels reflects Alihaily door, if not removed, for him, and within the subject of seating ManarTV guard, and within Almnarpiot many, and introduced inside the corridor Ochaabar nine, and ten Ochaabar display wall, display and point of the Al-Manar Menkl locked four hundred and forty Shabra, which is high on a hill and some distance between it and Pinalmedinp league and one in Bur rectangular, surrounded by sea on three sides Searpsor related to the country, can be achieved in the Al-Manar to the mainland, however, of the city, in this cemetery Albralmtsal Mounar Alexandria.
Al-Manar Andaudti and went to Morocco in the country’s seven hundred and fifty; found, were seized by the devastation, so he can not get to the door, and King Al-Nasser, may God have mercy on him had been initiated in the construction of Mnarmthelh Bizaih Fagah death execution.
Amir said his death Alabor
The Emir of Alapurbdr Hibshi Obeid Sultan, one of the heroes who hit their sayings, and does not Izaleguer against the infidels, killing himself and a single Lisbie so widely known for his expertise and Habh and unbelievers, was eating a huge long-Shah on the latest in the eating, and was informed that he was drinking about a pound Ncefmn ghee after food, usually to Habasha their country, and had a son in a patch on smth courage, it was agreed that once attacked a group of slaves in the village of Kfar, and he signed by the Persians in Mtmorpwagtma by the people of the village Vdharbh Baktarp one of them, and Alguetarp: Hdidp semi-tillage Idkhalalrgel hand rail where Vtkso arm, preferably the amount of hit and Zraain not keep Ptlcaldharbp dead, and killer Vngbawa Oubida more fighting on the village and killed men and women, Spoa Mavera removed and the Persians, and went to دهلي got the infidels, Vqatlhm even murder, and his companions returned Alffersily, Vdfoh to his family, his brother-in-law Frckb death by the infidels as well.
Then traveled Ilymedinp Kallior, reportedly also Kialer, a big city has its impregnable fortress at the top of the door image Hahqaly Phil Vial of stones, and over the power pole in the name of religion and the city Omirhzh functioning bin Ahmed Fadel Khan Ickramni been days where my Hzhambassrp before.
And entered by the Center Eomaoho wants a man from the infidels, I said to him: God, I do not do what I saw one Kotaiguetl Bmhoudri ordered his imprisonment, and that was the cause of salvation.
Mnmedinp Kallior then left to the city of Brno, a small town between the Muslims of the country’s emir Mohammed kuffaar Npirn Turkish origin, and predatory animals by the many, and some people told me that the seven had entered Ilihalyla and doors closed, Vifters people killed so many people, and they admire in Condjulh.
He told me Mamedaltoviri of her family, and was a neighbor to me, he entered his home at night and prey on boys from the Voukalsrir, and the other told me that he was with a group at the wedding of one of them got a need, Vaftersh Fajrjosahabh for the request, minus the market Fujdoh drink his blood has not been eating meat, and stated that Kzlkfl people.
Bednas it is amazing to me that to do so is not seven, but a human being of witches Almarovinpaljokip imagined in the form of seven, and when he was told that she denied, and he told me by a group of news and Nzkrbeda these witches.
Said the magic Aldjokip
They show them the wonders of the community, including: that one of them resides in the months do not drink, eat, and many of them digging under the ground and it is built, it leaves him only enter it into the air, and evaluated for months, and I heard that some of them also evaluate the year.
I saw a man Bmedinpmnjur Muslims who learn of them had filed a drum, and has Boallagha, Ioklola not drink five and twenty days, and left him well as I do not know how set up after me.
The people riding Ivkrononhm pill pills, eat them for days, months, or piece of information does not need to Tlcalmdp in food or drink, and tell the things absent, and the Sultan and Iezam Ijalshm Mnictsr them in the results for Bakl, including those who do not eat meat, they Aloktheron, and the apparent return of themselves Halhmonhm Sports There is no need to have in this world and its adornments, including consideration of Ilyalinsan it is his view of the dead, says the general: "If the killing of view of the construction of a Almitojd without heart, and say: eat his heart, and more as it is in women, and women Altifl Kvtar why it is called.
The story of a woman Kvtar
What occurred Majaapalazmy India claimed by drought, and the Sultan claimed Altlink been ordered to give Ohldelhi Iqutem calculate what a pound and a half of one per day; Fjmahm the minister and the deployment of Menhmaly poor princes and judges to take the feed, so I have a hundred of them the same, they Fmrt Sagaivvi Oskinthm and Darren, and I give them the expense of five days in five days. When he was in a woman Bedaloyam Otoni them, and said: It Kvtar has eaten the heart of the boy was dead Jannbhaootwa Babbi; Vomrthn to go to the Deputy Sultan, ordered the test, four Zlkpon Mlioa Jurat water and linked it with her hands and feet, and raised in the Ergun River, Vlmngrq, science Kvtar it, even if not Ttef water were not Kvtar, Bihrachabnar ordered, and brought the people of the country’s men and women result, ashes, and it is claimed by the evaporation of that year Omnvi Kvtar magic.
The story of the magic of Aldjokip
Sent to Alsultanyuma Balhoudrp I have entered it, in private and has some properties of the two men and they Hwlaoualdjokip Ilthvon Palmlahv, covering their heads; they Intvunha ash as Intphalnas Abathm, Vomrni to sit down and I sat, he said to them: This is Aziz’s long Voriihama did not see him, Faqala : Yes; Fterba Analord one and then rose up to become Vouknamitrava in Hana, Fjpt Odrickni illusion, and fell to the ground, the Sultan ordered that the Osagy Doaandh, Voafqat and I stayed, is the same Mterpa, he went on a Nala owner of _karp was with him, smite the land Kalmgtaz, and rose to senior Almterpa neck, and made the hit in the neck, and a little Hoenzl even sat with us, the Sultan said to me: The Almterpa is the sole student, Tmqal: for I am not afraid of your subordinates to come, which I saw the greatest, Vansrvat by Osabnielkhvqan, and is so sick Bcherbp Ozhpt me this about me.
Let us Knabsepelh what we say: we drove from the city of Brno to the house and then to the home of Emory Kjra Basin Azimtoulh with some miles, and the churches which had idols such as Muslims, in the middle of three red stones Qubapmn tobacco, three, four staff and four domes, and the lives of Hnalkjmap Aldjokip has appeared sense and for so long now in the height and reach them Cefrpaloloan of the sport, and many Muslims follow them to learn them, remember that Kantbh illness or disability of leprosy shelter them for a long time Phippro God.
The first thing I saw Hzhaltaivp Bmahlp Sultan Trmhirin King Turkestan, and were about fifty-Vhfr Gartan their land and the residents were not only coming out on an errand.
They have almost Alqrnidharbonh the first day and so on, after dark, and like all surprising, and the two men who Snallsultan GHiatholdin Aldamgani Sultan eat pills, crossing the country to strengthen the sexual intercourse, and was Okhalatha iron, do Vojbh, Vokl him more than the amount needed, and died, the son of his brother, Crown Nasereddin Vokrm Jockey and raise this amount.
Then traveled Ilymedinp Jndeire, a great city with a market populated by the Emir of the country’s warlords that Ezzedine Dinabanntani was named the greatest king, and was well worthy Ijals scholars, who Kanejalsh Zubairi Izz el-Deen al-Faqih and scholar of religion the world and a good graph, the proportion of Medinpbianp to the above-mentioned, the judge and jurist known as special judge, and have Shamseddine, and his deputy, are stored on the satellite, called religion, and his deputy, inter alia, of senior military .e.paltlinki brave, and the military was in his hands, and the greatest king does not appear only in Iumaljmap or otherwise rare.
Then we Mngenderi elevation to the city, a city Almalop greater employment of the country, and planting wheat Kthir_khasossa, and take this city to دهلي betel leaf, and between four and Ashronewma, and on the road between the two pillars inscribed with the number of miles between each two columns, Vimaorad traveler to know the number of What went on the day, and remained a home or to a destination Almedinpalte inscription, which read in columns Varafh, the city granted to the elevation of the people of Sheikh Ibrahimalve Vebp time.
Today Optdialqrap Vochtm after the morning prayer at sunset, and renew the ablution and I start reading the second Vochtmalchtmp at sunset, and also Remove the period of three months, and Atkvt the forty days.

جاري تعديل العنوان,,

موفقة يارب,,

السلام عليكم
ما قصرت الرمش
موفقين ان شاء الله

الحــــــــــــــــــــــمد لله

التصنيفات
الصف الثامن

Jacob the Great – RCT للصف الثامن

Jacob the Great

نص قرلءة امتحان لغة انجليزية الصف الثامن
eighth grade Reading comprihension test
للتحميل مرتب في المرفقات

Jacob hated finishing things almost as much as he loved starting them. As a result, he had gotten into a million hobbies and activities, but he never stuck with any of them long enough to get any good.

He begged his mother for months for a guitar so that he could play Black Eyed Peas songs to Angie, a girl he liked, but after he finally got one for Christmas, he found out that guitars don’t play themselves. He took a few lessons, but strumming the strings hurt his fingers and he didn’t like holding the pick, so now the five-hundred dollar guitar lives under his bed.

After reading an ad in the back of one of his comic books, Jacob decided that he wanted a Wonder-Sweeper 5000 ****l detector, so that he could find buried pirate treasure. So he mowed lawns all summer and didn’t spend his money on ice-cream like his younger brother, Alex. He saved it all in a shoe box in his closet. Then he shoveled driveways all winter, and he didn’t spend his money on candy and chips like his classmates. By the time spring came he had saved $200, and he purchased the Wonder-Sweeper 5000 ****l detector. He beeped it around the park for a while, be he soon found out that no pirates had ever set sail in his neighborhood, and if they had they didn’t leave any treasure. Even though he found a key ring, forty-seven cents, and all the bottle caps he could throw, he buried the ****l detector in his closest.

Given Jacob’s history with hobbies, it was no surprise that Jacob’s father was reluctant to buy him a magician’s kit for his birthday. “Geez, Jacob… You sure you wouldn’t rather I got you more guitar lessons?” He suggested. Jacob was insistent. “Dad, you’ve got to get me the magician’s kit. This time I’ll stick with it for real. I promise! Come on, Dad,” Jacob begged. Jacob’s father sighed and then replied, “Oh, I don’t know, Jacob. Things are awfully tight right now.” But Jacob’s father was reminded of his own youth long ago, when he quit football and started karate practice before hardly getting his equipment dirty. So when Jacob’s birthday came around, Jacob was both surprised and pleased to find the magician’s kit that he had desired so badly with a big bright bow on it.

Jacob opened up the box and unwrapped the many parts in the kit. As he did so, he imagined sawing his pet cat in half and putting it back together to the amazement of his friends and family. He took the many fake coins, trick cards, and rope pieces of varying length on the kitchen table and imagined pulling rabbits out of his hat and turning them into pigeons with a mysterious puff of smoke. As Jacob continued pulling plastic thumbs, foam balls, and giant playing cards out of the magic kit, a commercial on the TV caught his attention. “Hey kids! Have you ever wanted to go to space? Experience what it’s like to be an astronaut? Do you want to explore the universe? Well, now you can.” As the commercial continued playing, Jacob walked away from the magic kit on the kitchen table and stared at the TV screen longingly. “For only $195 you can go to space camp and live life like an astronaut for a whole weekend. Enroll now for a once in a life time experience.” Jacob’s cry rang throughout the house as he yelled, “MOM!” He now knew what his true purpose in life was.
Comprehension and Inferential Questions

Directions: After reading the story, choose the best answer for each question. Circle one answer.

1. According to the text, why does Jacob stop playing the guitar?

a. It hurt his fingers. b. He’d rather play drums. c. It was too easy. d. He failed math.

2. To whom did Jacob want to play Black Eyed Peas songs?

a. Alex b. Angie c. Mom d. Dad

3. According to the passage, why does Jacob decide that he wants a ****l detector?

a. He sees a man at the park with one. b. His father had one as a child.

c. He saw a TV commercial for one. d. He read an ad for one in a comic book.

4. How does Jacob get the items that he wants in the story?

a. He asks his mom. b. He asks his dad.

c. He shovels driveways and mows lawns. d. He does all of these things to get what he wants.

5. When did Jacob buy the ****l detector?

a. In the fall b. In the summer c. In the spring d. In the winter

6. True or False: The ****l detector was a good investment for Jacob.

a. True b. False

7. Why doesn’t Jacob’s father want to get him the magician’s kit for his birthday?

a. Jacob failed math class. b. Jacob quits too many expensive activities.

c. Jacob has been mean to his younger brother. d. Jacob went to the park without permission.

8. Why does Jacob’s father buy Jacob the magician’s kit?

a. Jacob mowed the lawn. b. Jacob reminded his father of himself.

c. Jacob bought ice cream for his brother. d. Jacob found his father’s key ring.

9. Which word is closest in meaning to the italicized word in the following sentence from paragraph four: “It was no surprise that Jacob’s father was reluctant to buy him a magician’s kit for his birthday”?

a. Happy b. Willing c. Proud d. Hesitant

10. What distracts Jacob from the magician’s kit?

a. A TV commercial b. His father c. The kitchen table d. A comic book

11. Based on the end of the story, Jacob is most likely to go on and do which of the following?

a. Become a great magician b. Learn to play guitar well

c. Detect an incredible hidden treasure d. Raise money to go to space camp

12. Which happened first in the text?

a. Jacob asked his dad for the magician’s kit. b. Jacob got a guitar for Christmas.

c. Jacob mowed lawns. d. Jacob shoveled driveways.

13. Which happened last in the text?

a. Jacob saved up $200. b. Jacob found forty-seven cents in the park.

c. Jacob took guitar lessons. d. Jacob was influenced by a comic book.

الملفات المرفقة

الحــــــــــــــــــــــمد لله

التصنيفات
الصف العاشر

search about The Great White Shark بحث عن اسماك القرش البيضاء الضخمة الصف العاشر

السلام عليكم
حبيت اقدملكم شي من الوحدة اللي خذيناها في الانجليزي
ويبتلكم هذا البحث

The Great White Shark

The White Shark: Introduction

Many paleontologists are very interested in living groups, because the study of the living organisms can both unlock their evolutionary history and provide important keys towards interpreting their fossil record. Some living groups have ancient histories. For example, sharks have existed as a group for over 350 million years! Today, sharks and rays (elasmobranchs) are represented by over 600 species that show a remarkable range of ecological and morphological diversity. Unlike the true fishes, sharks do not have internal bone, but instead have a cartilaginous skeleton. Although many people are told that sharks are primitive in comparison to other groups, this is not true. Many sharks are efficient and specialized hunters that have thrived for millions of years.

This small exhibit shows an amazing predator: the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). The white shark is found in temperate waters throughout the world’s oceans, and it is an important, though not common, predator in California’s coastal habitats. Scientists from several organizations throughout California including the Point Reyes Bird Observatory, the Marine Mammal Center, the California Academy of Sciences, Bodega Bay Marine Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Game, and the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at UC Berkeley, have been studying white sharks and their prey for several years in hopes to better understand their behavior and ecology.

Food and Feeding Behavior

White sharks are predatory animals that begin life by feeding on fish, rays, and other sharks, and as they grow, switch to feeding on marine mammals and scavenging on large animal carcasses. Their first mammalian prey are usually the small harbor seal, but as the sharks increase in size, they become large enough to eat sea lions, elephant seals, and small toothed whales. Attack strategy consists of a swift, surprise attack from below, inflicting a large, potentially fatal bite. The pinniped often dies from massive trauma or blood loss, but the bites may be superficial or misplaced on the body, allowing the seal to escape and survive the attacks with their scars as witness. Large white sharks will also scavenge on the carcasses of whale sharks, and on the fat-rich blubber layer of dead whales. They will occasionally feed on sea turtles and sea otters, and are known to attack, but not eat, humans.

Habitat and Distribution

The waters off central California offer a rich bounty of food for white sharks, and every summer and fall they actively feed in nearshore areas. The Farallon Islands, a national wildlife refuge about 27 miles off San Francisco, is a common feeding ground for the sharks. Four species of pinnipeds, the northern elephant seal, the California sea lion, the Steller sea lion, and the harbor seal, live around and breed on these islands, making a plentiful food resource for the white sharks. The coastal waters along central California, especially around the Año Nuevo State Reserve and along the Marin Headlands, is another common feeding area for the sharks. In the summer the sharks feed on seals and sea lions along the coast as far north as Oregon and occasionally the Gulf of Alaska, and in the Fall, they turn south and feed along the offshore islands. It is believed that female white sharks migrate to southern California to give live birth to their offspring. In abnormally warm-water (El Niño) years, white sharks are more plentiful off central California because both they, and their prey, are shifted north. The years 1984-84 and 1991-92 show high trends in white shark predatory activity, and were the warmest oceanic seasons in recent history.

Sharks and Media

Media sensationalism and widespread ignorance has given the white shark a bad rap. Although the species is responsible for an average of 2-3 non-fatal attacks on swimmers, surfers, and divers each year, its role as a menace is exaggerated; more people are killed in the U.S. each year by dogs than have been killed by white sharks in the last 100 years. Additionally, scientific studies show that population of white sharks is low, with perhaps fewer than 100 adult animals in the state’s waters. White sharks are important predators in the marine ecosystems of the California coast, and the people of California recognize that. In 1992, the white shark was placed on the protected species list for the state of California, and is legally protected from unlawful killing or exploitation. The original bill was supported by both scientists and fishing organizations, surfing clubs and diving groups, private citizens and an array of government organizations. With your support and respect, we can continue to live with this complex and misunderstood animal.

Studying the white shark requires the use of media equipment. The 10 images above were acquired during a pilot project run at the University of California Museum of Paleontology, the Department of Integrative Biology, and the Point Reyes Bird Observatory. Dr. Douglas Long has been doing research on the ecological interactions, in particular the feeding habits and predatory behavior of great white sharks on marine mammals along the coast of central California for several years now. His research has included autopsying dead marine mammals, studying the feeding behavior of sharks, and trying to estimate shark population size. These images are directly related to the latter two aspects of his research. From a post on the Farallon Islands, researchers watch the waters for injured marine mammals and signs of sharks feeding. When they spot a feeding shark, they travel in a small boat to the site, and when the shark comes close they stick a small hand-held waterproof video recorder under the water and film the shark as it passes by. The sharks are identified by characteristic marks like scars and skin blemishes. Most of the pictures at the end of this exhibit were taken with the express intent of looking for these scars, so they may not be the most aesthetic images possible. However, they are the most useful. The ability to visually identify sharks allows researchers to tell more about migration, ranges, and the number of individual sharks in the area. Douglas believes that there are a suprisingly small number of individual sharks off the California coast, and that they have larger ranges than previously thought.

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