الوسم: camel

Camels do not store water in their humps as is commonly believed. The humps are actually a reservoir of fatty tissue. Concentrating body fat (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue) in their humps minimizes heat-trapping insulation throughout the rest of their body, which may be an adaptation to living in hot climates. When this tissue is XXXXbolized, it acts as a source of energy, and yields more than 1 g of water for each 1 g of fat converted through reaction with oxygen from air. This process of fat XXXXbolization generates a net loss of water through respiration for the oxygen required to convert the fat.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_portrait.jpg)
A camel’s thick coat is one of their many adaptations that aid them in desert-like conditions.
Their ability to withstand long periods without water is due to a series of physiological adaptations. Their red blood cells (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell) have an oval shape, unlike those of other mammals, which are circular. This is to facilitate their flow in a dehydrated (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration) state. These cells are also more stable[ (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#cite_note-6) in order to withstand high osmotic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmosis) variation without rupturing when drinking large amounts of water (100 litres (22 imp gal; 26 US gal) to 150 litres (33 imp gal; 40 US gal) in one drink). Oval red corpuscles are not found in any other mammal, but are present in reptiles, birds, and fish.
Camels are able to withstand changes in body temperature (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_temperature) and water XXXXXXX that would kill most other animals. Their temperature ranges from 34 °C (93 °F) at night up to 41 °C (106 °F) during the day, and only above this threshold will they begin to sweat. The upper body temperature range is often not reached during the day in milder climatic conditions, and therefore, the camel may not sweat at all during the day. Evaporation of their sweat takes place at the skin level, not at the surface of their coat, thereby being very efficient at cooling the body compared to the amount of water lost through sweating. This ability to fluctuate body temperature and the efficiency of their sweating allows them to preserve about five litres of water a day.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camel_cart.JPG)
Camels are used as a draft animals in Pakistan (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camels_at_Giza.JPG)
Domsticated camels at the Pyramids of Giza
A feature of their nostrils is that a large amount of water vapor in their exhalations is trapped and returned to their body fluids, thereby reducing the amount of water lost through respiration.
They can withstand at least 20-25% weight loss due to sweating (most mammals can only withstand about 15% dehydration before cardiac failure (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure) results from circulatory disturbance). A camel’s blood remains hydrated, even though the body fluids are lost, until this 25% limit is reached.[ Camels eating green herbage can ingest sufficient moisture in milder conditions to maintain their bodies’ hydrated state without the need for drinking
A camel’s thick coat reflects sunlight, and also insulates it from the intense heat radiated from desert sand. A shorn camel has to sweat 50% more to avoid overheating. Their long legs help by keeping them further from the hot ground. Camels have been known to swim.
Their mouth is very sturdy, able to chew thorny desert plants. Long eyelashes and ear hairs, together with sealable nostrils, form a barrier against sand. Their gait and their widened feet help them move without sinking into the sand
The kidneys (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney) and intestines (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestines) of a camel are very efficient at retaining water. Urine comes out as a thick syrup, and their feces are so dry that they can fuel fires
All camelids have an unusual immune system (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system). In all mammals, the Y-shaped antibody (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody) molecules consist of two heavy (or long) chains along the length of the Y, and two light (or short) chains at each tip of the Y. Camels also have antibody molecules that have only two heavy chains, which makes them smaller and more durable. These heavy chain-only antibodies, which were discovered in 1993, probably developed 50 million years ago, after camelids split from ruminants and pigs, according to biochemist Serge Muyldermans.
The camel is the only animal to have replaced the wheel (mainly in North Africa (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa)) where the wheel had already been established. The camel did not lose that distinction until the wheel was combined with the internal combustion engine in the 20th century.[

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